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A conscientious objector is an "individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service"〔On July 30, 1993, explicit clarification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 18 was made in the United Nations Human Rights Committee general comment 22, Para. 11: (【引用サイトリンク】title=Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief. Framework for communications. Conscientious Objection )〕 on the grounds of freedom of thought, conscience, disability, and/or religion.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights )〕 In general, conscientious objector status is only considered in the context of military conscription and is not applicable to volunteer military forces. In some countries, conscientious objectors are assigned to an alternative civilian service as a substitute for conscription or military service. Some conscientious objectors consider themselves pacifist, non-interventionist, non-resistant, non-aggressionist, or antimilitarist. The international definition of conscientious objection officially broadened on March 8, 1995 when the United Nations Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/83 stated that "persons performing military service should not be excluded from the right to have conscientious objections to military service." That definition was re-affirmed in 1998, when the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights document called "Conscientious objection to military service, United Nations Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/77" officially recognized that "persons () performing military service may ''develop'' conscientious objections.". A number of organizations around the world celebrate the principle on May 15 as International Conscientious Objectors Day.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Campaigns: International Day on Conscientious Objection )〕 The term has also been extended to objecting to working for the military-industrial complex due to a crisis of conscience.〔http://www.opednews.com/populum/pagem.php?f=Confessions-of-a-Military-by-Richard-Wilson-100428-533.html〕 ==Historical introduction== Historically, many conscientious objectors have been executed, imprisoned, or otherwise penalized when their beliefs led to actions conflicting with their society's legal system or government. The legal definition and status of conscientious objection has varied over the years and from nation to nation. Religious beliefs were a starting point in many nations for legally granting conscientious objector status. An early recognition of conscientious objection was granted by William the Silent to the Dutch Mennonites in 1575. They could refuse military service in exchange for a monetary payment.〔Robert Paul Churchill, "Conscientious Objection", in Donald K. Wells, ''An Encyclopedia of War and Ethics''. Greenwood Press 1996. ISBN 0313291160 (p.99- 102).〕 Formal legislation to exempt objectors from fighting was first granted in mid-18th century Britain following problems with attempting to force Quakers into military service. In 1757, when the first attempt was made to establish a British Militia as a professional national military reserve, a clause in the Militia Ballot Act allowed Quakers exemption from military service. In the United States, conscientious objection was permitted from the country's founding, although regulation was left to individual states prior to the introduction of conscription.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Conscientious objector」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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